National human rights institution

A national human rights institution (NHRI) is an independent state-based institution with the responsibility to protect and promote human rights in a country. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) aids these bodies, providing advisory and support services, and facilitates access to United Nations (UN) treaty bodies and other committees.^[1] There are over one hundred such institutions, about two-thirds assessed by peer review as compliant with the United Nations standards set out in the Paris Principles. Compliance with the Principles is the basis for accreditation at the UN, which, uniquely for NHRIs, is not conducted directly by a UN body but by a sub-committee of the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) called the Sub-Committee on Accreditation.^[2] The secretariat to the review process (for initial accreditation, and reaccreditation every five years) is provided by the National Institutions and Regional Mechanisms Section of the OHCHR.^[3]

NHRIs can be grouped together into two main categories: human rights commissions and ombudspersons. While most ombudspersons have their powers vested in a single person,^[4] human rights commissions are led by multi-member boards, often representative of various societal groups. NHRIs are sometimes set up to deal with specific issues such as discrimination, although the Paris Principles requires they should be bodies with broad responsibilities. Specialised national institutions also exist in many countries to protect the rights of a particular vulnerable group such as ethnic and linguistic minorities, indigenous peoples, children, refugees, persons with disabilities, or women.

However, national human rights institutions under the Paris Principles have an explicit and broad human rights mandate including promotion and protection functions.^[5] This can include research, documentation and training and education in human rights issues, while the ombudsman model tends to handle complaints about administrative deficiencies. While all human rights violations are maladministration, ombudsmen generally deal with few human rights violations.^[6]

In most countries, a constitution, a human rights act, or institution-specific legislation establish national human rights institutions. The degree of independence of these institutions depends upon national law, and best practice requires a constitutional or statutory basis rather than (for example) a presidential decree.

Nations human rights institutions are also referred to by the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action^[7] and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.^[8]

Role

Many countries establish special commissions to ensure laws and regulations protecting human rights are applied effectively. These commissions are often composed of members from diverse backgrounds, and with interest, expertise, or experience in human rights.

Human rights commissions primarily protect those within the state's jurisdiction against discrimination or mistreatment, and defend civil liberties and other human rights. Some investigate alleged violations of constitutional rights or international human rights treaties.

An essential role of many human rights commissions is to receive and investigate complaints alleging human rights abuses violating national law. Many human rights commissions rely on conciliation or arbitration for investigation and complaint resolution. Human rights commissions may be granted authority to impose legally binding outcomes on parties to a complaint. If no special tribunal has been established, the commission may transfer unresolved complaints to normal courts for final determination.

NHRIs usually deal with human rights issues by directly involving a public authority. In relation to non-state entities, some national human rights institutions may address:

grievances or disputes involving certain kinds of company (for instance state-owned enterprises, private companies providing public services, or companies operating at federal level)
only certain types of human rights issue (for instance non-discrimination or labour rights)
complaints or disputes raising any human rights issue and involving any company.^[9]

Additionally they may promote and protect the responsibilities of the state and the rights of the individual by:

advising to the state of its international and domestic human rights obligations and commitments
receiving, investigating and resolving human rights complaints
educating and publishing for all sections of society (particularly minority groups such as refugees)
monitoring human rights in the state and its subsequent actions
engaging with the international community to advocate for human right recommendations and to raise pressing issues for the state.^[10]

Promoting and educating about human rights may involve informing the public of the commission's roles, sparking discussions on important human rights issues, providing counselling services and meetings, or distributing human rights publications.^[10] Another important function is reviewing a government's human rights policy to detect shortcomings and suggest improvements.^[10] This often includes proofing draft legislation, or policies. The degree of enforcement of institution's recommendations or rulings depends on the society's human rights climate.

Human rights commissions may monitor the state's compliance with local and with international human rights laws and recommend changes. The realization of human rights cannot be achieved solely through legislation and administrative arrangements; therefore, commissions are often charged with improving community awareness of human rights.

The Paris Principles obliges national human rights institutions to "[prepare] reports on the national situation with regard to human rights in general, and on more specific matters"; this is usually done in annual status reports.^[11]

Reason for establishing national human rights institutions

The International Council on Human Rights Policy reported that NHRIs are established: in countries experiencing conflict (usually internal like South Africa, Ireland, or Spain), or in response to claims of serious human rights abuses.^[12] NHRIs may be established as visual institutional security, as a body that is seen to be dealing with prevalent issues (such as seen in Mexico and Nigeria), or finally to underpin and consolidate other human rights protections (such as in Australia and New Zealand). National governments establish institutions reflecting their opinions and cultural identity. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights passed resolutions in 1992, recommending promotion of such institutions by governments without any, and also promoting the reform of those that did.^[12] The United Nations Commission took over tasks requiring international involvement. Regional human rights agreements encouraged this development and establishment of human rights institutions as technical assistance was provided through international arrangements (such as the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions).^[12]

NHRIs in some member states work at the international and regional level (such as in the European Union).^[13] They may work to prevent discrimination against minority groups or international crimes (such as torture).^[13] The authority and expertise that NHRIs customarily hold provides them the ability to promote equal treatment. They are a useful tool in assisting states to comply with international rights standards by providing an objective perspective and addressing and resolving issues at the domestic level.^[13]

Coupled with the United Nations, NHRIs are protecting and providing comprehensive and wide-ranging solutions. However some states are unwilling to give effect to these sanctions, and the United Nations is unable to conduct the widespread and analytical monitoring of countries. In order to be legitimate, effective and credible NHRIs must be independent and effective.^[14] One of the most effective tools that NHRIs have is their unique position between the responsibilities of government and the rights of civil society and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This conceptual space gives NHRIs a positively distinctive role, acting as a different protection service for the people and different tools available to hold the state and other bodies accountable for human rights breaches.^[14] However being independent from government and NGOs provides greater difficulty when funding, and working relationships are taken into account.^[14] In most countries they receive government funding, and are also created and appointed by a governmental body.^[14] This creates somewhat of a parallel obligation and taints the idea of the institutions autonomy and makes it harder to pursue their individual agenda.

Paris Principles

The Paris Principles were conceived at a 1991 conference convened by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.^[13] Although the priorities and structure of them differ from country to country they have core features.^[15] Part A.3 of the Paris Principles adopted in March 1993 by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights provides that NHRIs responsibilities are to ratify human rights treaties and cooperation with human rights mechanisms. The workshop recommendations provide a basis for assessing the effectiveness and independence of a NHRI, identifying six key criteria:

independence from government
independence granted from constitution or legislation
powers of investigation without referral from a higher authority or receipt of an individual complaint
pluralism, allowing them to coexist with the governing body
adequate financial and human resources
clearly defined and broad mandate to protect and promote universal human rights.^[16]

NHRI fully complying with these criteria and demonstrate independence are accredited an "A status", while those only partially fulfilling them receive a "B status". "A status" institutions are allowed to participate in United Nations Human Rights Council discussions and its mechanisms. The Subcommittee on Accreditation determines the "status" of each NHRI, appeals directed to the GANHRI's Chair within 28 days.^[17] "C status" institutions are due to non-compliance with the Paris Principles, but may still participate in gatherings as observers.^[13] The Committee reviews these decisions every five years, giving the institutions opportunities to show further independence or compliance with the principles. Aiming to be transparent, vigorous and thorough in evaluation, the committee helps institutions earn "A status" and comply with the Paris Principles.

Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions

The Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI), formerly known as the International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (ICC), is a representative body of institutions worldwide. It aims to create effective and independent NHRIs around the world and encourages inter-institutional cooperation.^[18] It organises international conferences for NHRIs, helps institutions in need of assistance, and helps governments create NHRIs when requested.^[18]

International Ombudsman Institute

NHRIs can deal with a variety of issues including torture, discrimination, environment and employment rights.^[14] In addition to human rights commissions they can be constituted or legislated as an ombudsman or a hybrid human-rights ombudsman.^[14] The International Ombudsman Institute provides support for national ombudsman institutions for human rights. They are more concerned with state administration processes and so receive and make complaints in regards to systematic or administrative human rights breaches or concerns.^[19]

International Coordinating Committee of NHRIs

The international Coordinating Committee of NHRIs was established in 1993 with a Bureau composed of one representative from the Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa and Europe.^[20] The Coordinating Committee organises an annual meeting and a biennial conference that facilitates and supports NHRI engagement with the United Nations system.^[20] At these gatherings NHRIs are able to share their expertise on specific topics and engage with the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), which acts as a Secretariat of the Coordinating Committee. In order to facilitate NHRI dialogue with civil society the Coordinating Committee also holds an NGO forum. The Coordinating Committee may also be asked by a government to assist in making a new NHRI or to develop on pre existing ones.^[20] Its name was changed to GANHRI in 2016.

Not all of the following NHRIs are accredited through GANHRI.

Afghanistan: Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission
Albania: People's Advocate
Algeria: National Human Rights Commission of Algeria
Angola: Justice and Rights Ombudsman (Provedor de Justiça e de direitos)
Antigua and Barbuda: Office of the Ombudsman
Argentina: Public Defender (Defensoría del Pueblo de la Nación Argentina) (Ombudsman) ^[21]
Armenia: Human Rights Defender of Armenia
Australia: Australian Human Rights Commission
Austria: Austrian Ombudsman Board
Azerbaijan: Human Rights Commissioner
Bahrain: National Institution for Human Rights
Barbados: Ombudsman
Bangladesh: National Human Rights Commission
Belgium: Centre for equal opportunities and opposition to racism; Vlaams Mensenrechteninstituut
Belize: Office of the Ombudsman
Bénin: Bénin Human Rights Commission
Bermuda: Bermuda Ombudsman
Bolivia: Public Defender (Defensor del Pueblo)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina (pre-2003 cases); Human Rights Ombudsman of Bosnia and Herzegovina (current cases)
Bulgaria: Bulgarian Parliamentary Ombudsman
Burkina Faso: National Human Rights Commission of Burkina Faso
Burundi: National Independent Commission on Human Rights (CNIDH)
Cameroon: National Commission on Human Rights and Freedoms
Canada: Canadian Human Rights Commission
Chad: Chad National Human Rights Commission
Colombia: Ombudsman's Office of Colombia
Democratic Republic of the Congo: National Human Rights Observatory (DR Congo)
Republic of the Congo: National Human Rights Commission (Republic of the Congo)
Costa Rica: Defender of the Inhabitants (Defensoria de los Habitantes)
Croatia: Office of the Croatian Ombudsman
Cyprus: National Institute for the Protection of Human Rights
Czech Republic: Public Defender of Rights (Czech Republic); International Human Rights Commission (IHRC)
Denmark: Danish Institute for Human Rights
Ecuador: Defensoría del Pueblo del Ecuador
Egypt: National Council for Human Rights
El Salvador: Human Rights Procurator (Procuraduría de Defensa de los Derechos Humanos)
Ethiopia: Ethiopian Human Rights Commission
Fiji: Fiji Human Rights Commission
Finland: Parliamentary Ombudsman
France: Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme
Gabon: National Human Rights Commission
Georgia: Office of Public Defender of Georgia
Germany: German Institute for Human Rights (Deutsches Institut für Menschenrechte)
Ghana: Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice CHRAJ
Great Britain (UK): Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) – see also Scotland
Greece: National Human Rights Commission (Εθνική Επιτροπή για τα Δικαιώματα του Ανθρώπου)
Guatemala: Procurator for Human Rights (Procurador de los Derechos Humanos)
Guyana: Office of the Ombudsman
Haiti: Office de la Protection du Citoyen
Honduras: National Human Rights Commissioner (Comisionado Nacional de Derechos Humanos)
Hong Kong: Equal Opportunities Commission (Hong Kong)
Hungary: Commissioner for Fundamental Rights
India: National Human Rights Commission (India)
Indonesia: National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM)
Iran: Defenders of Human Rights Center; Islamic Human Rights Commission
Ireland: Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission
Italy: Commissione per i Diritti Umani
Jamaica: Office of the Public Defender (Jamaica)
Jordan: National Centre for Human Rights (Jordan)
Kazakhstan: Commissioner for Human Rights
Kenya: Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR)
Korea, Republic of: National Human Rights Commission of Korea
Kosovo (Under United Nations Administration via UN Resolution 1244): Ombudsperson Institution in Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan: Ombudsman of the Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia: Rights' Defender
Lithuania: The Seimas Ombudsmen
Luxembourg: Consultative Commission of Human Rights (Luxembourg)
Madagascar: National Human Rights Commission (Madagascar)
Malawi: Malawi Human Rights Commission
Malaysia: Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM)
Maldives: Human Rights Commission of the Maldives
Mali: Commission nationale consultative des droits de l’homme (Mali)
Mauritania: Commissariat aux Droits de l’Homme, a la Lutte contre la Pauvreté et l’Insertion (Mauritania)
Mauritius: National Human Rights Commission (Mauritius)
Mexico: National Human Rights Commission (Mexico)
Moldova: Centre for Human Rights of Moldova
Mongolia: National Human Rights Commission (Mongolia)
Montenegro: Office of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Montenegro
Morocco: National Human Rights Council
Myanmar (Burma): Myanmar National Human Rights Commission
Namibia: Office of the Ombudsman (Namibia)
Nepal: National Human Rights Commission (Nepal)
Netherlands: Netherlands Institute for Human Rights
New Zealand: Human Rights Commission (HRC)
Nicaragua: Human Rights Procurator (Procuraduría para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos)
Niger: Nigerien National Commission on Human Rights and Fundamental Liberties
Nigeria: National Human Rights Commission (Nigeria)
North Macedonia: Human Rights Ombudsman of Macedonia
Northern Ireland (UK): Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC)
Norway: Norwegian National Human Rights Institution
Palestine: Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizen's Rights
Pakistan: National Commission for Human Rights, Pakistan
Panama: Defensoría del Pueblo de la República de Panamá
Paraguay: Defensoría del Pueblo de la República del Paraguay
Peru: Public Defender (Defensoría del Pueblo)
Philippines: Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)
Poland: Commissioner for Civil Rights Protection (ombudsman)
Portugal: Provedor de Justiça
Puerto Rico: Oficina del Procurador del Ciudadano
Qatar: National Committee for Human Rights (Qatar)
Romania: Ombudsman (Avocatul Poporului)
Russia: Commissioner for Human Rights (Russia); Ombudsman#Russia
Rwanda: National Commission for Human Rights (Rwanda)
Saint Lucia: Office of the Parliamentary Commissioner (St Lucia)
Samoa: Office of the Ombudsman
Scotland (UK): Scottish Human Rights Commission (SHRC) – see also Great Britain
Senegal: Senegalese Committee for Human Rights
Serbia: Office of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Serbia
Sierra Leone: Human Rights Commission of Sierra Leone
Slovakia: Slovak National Centre for Human Rights
Slovenia: Human Rights Ombudsman (Slovenia)
South Africa: South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC); Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities (CRL Rights Commission); Commission for Gender Equality (CGE); Public Protector
South Sudan: South Sudan Human Rights Commission (SSHRC)^[22]
Spain: Defensor del Pueblo (Ombudsman)
Sri Lanka: National Human Rights Commission (Sri Lanka)
Sudan: National Human Rights Commission (Sudan)
Sweden: Parliamentary Ombudsman (JO); Children's Ombudsman (Sweden) (BO); Discrimination Ombudsman (Sweden) (DO)
Switzerland: Federal Commission against Racism (Switzerland)
Taiwan: National Human Rights Commission (Taiwan)
Tanzania: Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance (Tanzania)
Thailand: National Human Rights Commission (Thailand)
Timor Leste: Office of the Provedor for Human Rights and Justice (Timor Leste)
Togo: National Human Rights Commission (Togo)
Trinidad and Tobago: Office of the Ombudsman of Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia: Higher Committee on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Tunisia)
Turkey: Human Rights and Equality Institution of Turkey; Ombudsman Institution
Uganda: Uganda Human Rights Commission (UHRC)
Ukraine: Ombudsman in Ukraine
United Kingdom: see Great Britain; Northern Ireland; Scotland
United States: United States Commission on Civil Rights
Uzbekistan: Authorized Person of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Human Rights (Ombudsman)
Venezuela: Defensoría del Pueblo (Venezuela)
Zambia: Permanent Human Rights Commission (Zambia)

Regional groupings

International Ombudsman Institute
Network of African National Human Rights Institutions (NANHRI)
Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (APF)
European Group of National Human Rights Institutions
Network of National Institutions in the Americas

Sub-national human rights institutions

Australia

Anti-Discrimination Board of New South Wales

Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission

Equal Opportunity Commission (South Australia)

Equal Opportunity Commission (Western Australia)

Anti-Discrimination Commission Queensland

Office of Anti-Discrimination Commissioner (Tasmania)

Human Rights Commission (Australian Capital Territory)

Northern Territory Anti-Discrimination Commission

Canada

Alberta Human Rights and Citizenship Commission

British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal

Ontario Human Rights Commission

United Kingdom

The three UK bodies (Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Scotland) are listed above as they are each recognised as NHRIs.

Spain

Each Spanish region has its own ombudsman.

South Korea

Provincial and Metropolis level

Provincial Human Rights Promotion Commission (South Chungcheong Province)

Provincial Human Rights Promotion Commission (Gangwon Province)

Seoul Human Rights Commission

Human Rights Ombudsman (Gwangju)

Citizen Council for Human Rights Promotion is advisory council for the Ombudsman

Ulsan Human Rights Commission

Education

Human Rights Commission for Students, Gyeonggi Provincial Office of Education

Human Rights Advocate for Students (Gyeonggi Province)

Human Rights Commission for Students, Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education

Human Rights Advocate for Students (Seoul)

References

^ "GANHRI". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
^ Langtry, David; Roberts Lyer, Kirsten (2021). National Human Rights Institutions: Rules, Requirements and Practice. Oxford University Press. pp. Chapter 2. ISBN 978-0-19-882910-2.
^ "OHCHR". OHCHR. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
^ Reif, Linda C. (2020). Ombuds Institutions, Good Governance and the International Human Rights System. Brill. ISBN 9789004273962.
^ "Sub-Committee on Accreditation General Observation 1.2 (2018)". GANHRI Website. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
^ Lindsnaes, Birgit; Lindholt, Lone; Yigen, eds. (2001). National Human Rights Institutions, Articles and working papers, Input to the discussions of the establishment and development of the functions of national human rights institutions (PDF). The Danish Institute for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 28 April 2004.
^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II para 84
^ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 33
^ "National Human Rights Institutions". Archived from the original on 2010-11-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c "What are national human rights institutions? | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
^ "Paris Principles". National Human Rights Institutions Forum. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cardenas, Sonia (2014-03-05). Chains of Justice: The Global Rise of State Institutions for Human Rights. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4539-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Handbook on the establishment and accreditation of National Human Rights Institutions in the European Union. Vienna: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2012. ISBN 978-92-9192-993-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Smith, Anne (November 2006). "The Unique Position of National Human Rights Institutions: A Mixed Blessing?" (PDF). Human Rights Quarterly. 28 (4): 904–946. doi:10.1353/hrq.2006.0054. S2CID 201791953.
^ "Paris Principles | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
^ "Paris Principles | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
^ "International Coordinating Committee". International Justice Resource Center. 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
^ ^a ^b "Human Rights Commission :: National human rights institutions". www.hrc.co.nz. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
^ "The IOI" (in German). Retrieved 2017-09-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c "International Coordinating Committee". International Justice Resource Center. 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
^ Stropparo, P. E. (2023). Pueblo desnudo y público movilizado por el poder: Vacancia del Defensor del Pueblo: algunas transformaciones en la democracia y en la opinión pública en Argentina . Revista Mexicana De Opinión Pública, (35). https://doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.24484911e.2023.35.85516
^ "Interim Report on South Sudan Internal Conflict – December 15, 2013 – March 15, 2014" (PDF). South Sudan Human Rights Commission. 2014-03-22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-11. Retrieved 2019-11-01.

External links

GANHRI Website
UNHCHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
National Human Rights Institution (NHRI) Profiles (ACCESS Facility)

[1] "GANHRI". Retrieved 2020-10-26.

[2] Langtry, David; Roberts Lyer, Kirsten (2021). National Human Rights Institutions: Rules, Requirements and Practice. Oxford University Press. pp. Chapter 2. ISBN 978-0-19-882910-2.

[3] "OHCHR". OHCHR. Retrieved 2020-10-26.

[4] Reif, Linda C. (2020). Ombuds Institutions, Good Governance and the International Human Rights System. Brill. ISBN 9789004273962.

[5] "Sub-Committee on Accreditation General Observation 1.2 (2018)". GANHRI Website. Retrieved 21 March 2022.

[6] Lindsnaes, Birgit; Lindholt, Lone; Yigen, eds. (2001). National Human Rights Institutions, Articles and working papers, Input to the discussions of the establishment and development of the functions of national human rights institutions (PDF). The Danish Institute for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 28 April 2004.

[7] Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II para 84

[8] Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 33

[9] "National Human Rights Institutions". Archived from the original on 2010-11-08.

[:4-10] "What are national human rights institutions? | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net. Retrieved 2017-09-10.

[11] "Paris Principles". National Human Rights Institutions Forum. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.

[:3-12] Cardenas, Sonia (2014-03-05). Chains of Justice: The Global Rise of State Institutions for Human Rights. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4539-4.

[:2-13] Handbook on the establishment and accreditation of National Human Rights Institutions in the European Union. Vienna: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2012. ISBN 978-92-9192-993-1.

[:0-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Smith, Anne (November 2006). "The Unique Position of National Human Rights Institutions: A Mixed Blessing?" (PDF). Human Rights Quarterly. 28 (4): 904–946. doi:10.1353/hrq.2006.0054. S2CID 201791953.

[15] "Paris Principles | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net. Retrieved 2017-09-10.

[16] "Paris Principles | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net. Retrieved 2017-09-08.

[17] "International Coordinating Committee". International Justice Resource Center. 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2017-09-08.

[:1-18] "Human Rights Commission :: National human rights institutions". www.hrc.co.nz. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2017-09-10.

[19] "The IOI" (in German). Retrieved 2017-09-10.

[:5-20] "International Coordinating Committee". International Justice Resource Center. 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2017-09-10.

[21] Stropparo, P. E. (2023). Pueblo desnudo y público movilizado por el poder: Vacancia del Defensor del Pueblo: algunas transformaciones en la democracia y en la opinión pública en Argentina . Revista Mexicana De Opinión Pública, (35). https://doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.24484911e.2023.35.85516

[SSHRC_report_2013_2014-22] "Interim Report on South Sudan Internal Conflict – December 15, 2013 – March 15, 2014" (PDF). South Sudan Human Rights Commission. 2014-03-22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-11. Retrieved 2019-11-01.

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v t e International human rights organisations and institutions
Types	Human rights group Human rights commission Human rights institutions Truth and reconciliation commission
International institutions	Committee on the Rights of the Child Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities International Criminal Court Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights UN Human Rights Committee UN Human Rights Council UN Security Council
Regional bodies	African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights African Court of Justice European Court of Human Rights European Committee for the Prevention of Torture Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Multi-lateral bodies	European Union Council of Europe Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) Organisation of American States (OAS) UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) International Labour Organization (ILO) World Health Organization (WHO) UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) UN Population Fund (UNFPA) UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) UN Development Programme (UNDP) Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)
Major NGOs	Amnesty International FIDH Human Rights Watch Emergency NGO Human Rights First
ICRC – organization with special status based on Geneva Conventions	International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)